• Artifact Removal: Elimination of artifacts from electrode placement errors, body motions, and ambient noise.
• Data Normalization: Ensuring all electrodes contribute equally to the final result through normalization.
• Filtering: Application of filters to the EEG data to isolate relevant signal frequencies.
• Fast Fourier Transform (FFT): Use of FFT for frequency domain analysis, combined with oversampling techniques.
• EEG Channel Selection: Reduction of data complexity by selecting the most informative EEG channels.
• Synthetic Minority Over-sampling Technique (SMOTE): Balancing class distribution by creating synthetic data points similar to the minority classes.